Drug Studies

Since 1970, cannabis (often referred to as marijuana) has been a Schedule I drug under the United States Controlled Substances Act (CSA), rendering its use illegal at the federal level. Despite this, an increasing number of states, localities, and territories have enacted laws allowing medical or both medical and nonmedical adult use (recreational) of cannabis. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) assessed temporal trends in cannabis-related healthcare encounters, including cannabis-related disorders and poisonings, among commercially insured adults aged 18-64 years. This report is cited in the scientific and medical evaluation of “marijuana” conducted by FDA on behalf of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and transmitted to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The HHS evaluation provides a basis for DEA’s recent proposed rule, published in the Federal Register (89 FR 44597, May 21, 2024), to reschedule “marijuana” from Schedule I to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act.

Entyvio (vedolizumab) is an integrin receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, the two main disorders that comprise inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Based on two previous Periodic Safety Reports, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) evaluated cases of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in vedolizumab users and concluded that the contribution of vedolizumab could not be excluded. There are also limited available data on the background incidence rates of ILD in patients with IBD, as well as the incidence rates of ILD in IBD patients treated with vedolizumab or other biologics. Due to this, FDA issued a Newly Identified Safety Signal (NISS) in January 2023 to facilitate evaluation and management of this potential risk for ILD. Tysabri (natalizumab), another integrin receptor antagonist indicated for treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease, was also evaluated for ILD as part of this NISS. The FDA pursued studies in the Sentinel System to better understand the incidence of ILD in IBD patients treated with vedolizumab, natalizumab, or other advanced therapies. Specifically, Sentinel System studies estimated the incidence rate of ILD among patients with IBD overall and separately among patients treated with vedolizumab, natalizumab, or other advanced therapies.

Sentinel System results did not indicate an increased incidence rate of ILD in patients treated with vedolizumab or natalizumab for IBD. The incidence rates of ILD for patients with IBD treated with integrin receptor antagonists approximates the ILD incidence rates observed separately in IBD patients who initiated and actively used advanced therapies other than an integrin receptor antagonist or patients with IBD with a history of treatment with advanced therapies other than an integrin receptor antagonist.  

As part of the NISS evaluation, FDA used findings from the Sentinel analysis to support contextualizing the identified safety signal and provide additional data on the burden of disease. Based on the entire body of evidence evaluated as part of the NISS, including 18 postmarketing cases of non-infectious ILD with vedolizumab or natalizumab in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database and 21 cases of ILD in vedolizumab-treated patients published in the medical literature, FDA approved a safety-related labeling supplement request for vedolizumab on April 18, 2024. This safety-related labeling update incorporated the terms, “interstitial lung disease, pneumonitis” into the Postmarketing Experience subsection of the Prescribing Information.

In response to clinical trials showing an increased risk of DKA with sotagliflozin in T1DM, FDA assessed off-label use of SGLT2 inhibitors (approved for use in T2DM) and real-world rates of DKA when used in patients with T1DM. Elevated rates of DKA with off label SGLT2 inhibitor use among patients with T1DM were seen compared to clinical trials. These findings were presented at the Advisory Committee meeting for sotagliflozin, and this helped inform the committee member discussion on the benefit-risk assessment.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) used the Sentinel System to assess incidence and prevalence of medical codes associated with local anesthetic toxicity. This study specifically assessed International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes.

The results included counts and prevalence of three diagnostic ICD-9-CM codes for local anesthetic toxicity stratified by year, sex, and age group. Prevalence of local anesthetic toxicity ranged from 0 to 1.02 per 100,000 enrollees, varying by year, sex, or age group.

This exploratory study provided information to FDA on the incidence and prevalence of local anesthetic toxicity medical codes in the Sentinel Distributed Database, to better aid decisions on the use of Sentinel data for capturing local anesthetic toxicity.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to explore whether the Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD) could enhance CDC’s and FDA’s understanding of the epidemiology of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This CDC-FDA collaborative study assessed LTBI testing, clinical management, and treatment duration in individuals treated for LTBI.

Among 113,338 patients who filled prescriptions for drugs indicated for LTBI, INH-only was the most commonly prescribed LTBI treatment with 80% (90,377) receiving isoniazid (INH) only, 19% (21,235) rifampin (RIF) only, and 2% (1,726) INH + rifapentine (RPT). Overall, 88% of patients had at least one element of diagnostic evaluation documented before starting treatment. Most persons who filled a prescription for LTBI treatment did not have evidence of completing the recommended treatment durations. The data further support preferential use of shorter-course regimens such as INH + RPT.

Using Sentinel data, this study was able to describe the common LTBI treatment regimens and provide insight into prescribing behavior. The study also showed the treatment duration for each regimen, highlighting the need for additional interventions to support patients’ completion of/adherence to LTBI therapy. Additionally, the study identified varying rates of diagnostic testing among LTBI patients by treatment regimen, suggesting a potential lack of provider familiarity with recommendations.

Due to limitations in this study common to claims-based data sources, such as lack of information on tuberculosis related test results, incomplete race and ethnicity data, and restriction to individuals with health insurance, FDA’s Sentinel System may not be suitable for general population-level LTBI surveillance in the United States. Nevertheless, the FDA Sentinel System can serve as a complementary source of data to augment surveillance of adverse events related to LTBI treatment regimens, describe specific groups of individuals with LTBI, and provide insight into prescribing patterns for LTBI.

In November 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for baricitinib to be used in combination with remdesivir to treat COVID-19 in hospitalized patients on respiratory support (i.e., supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). In June 2021, the FDA issued an EUA for tocilizumab to treat COVID-19 in hospitalized patients receiving systemic corticosteroids and on respiratory support. To understand the scope of utilization and characteristics of users of baricitinib and tocilizumab in the context of COVID-19, FDA conducted a descriptive analysis among patients with inpatient baricitinib or tocilizumab use in the Sentinel System. Both products were commercially available prior to FDA issuance of the EUAs, and the study period for this analysis (April 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021) included time prior to FDA issuance of these EUAs. Specific characteristics assessed included evidence of COVID-19, use of respiratory support, concomitant drug use, and medical conditions.

Results indicated that most patients who received inpatient baricitinib/remdesivir therapy had evidence of COVID-19. However, about half of patients who received inpatient baricitinib therapy did not appear to have concurrent remdesivir use, and few patients with inpatient baricitinib therapy appeared to have documented respiratory support at drug therapy initiation. Results also indicated that most patients with inpatient tocilizumab therapy had evidence of COVID-19 and a majority had concurrent systemic corticosteroid therapy. Additionally, around 25% of patients with tocilizumab therapy had documented mechanical ventilation at drug therapy initiation.  This analysis informed the FDA’s active safety monitoring efforts for products authorized or used for the treatment of COVID-19. FDA approved these products for the treatment of adults with COVID-19 in May 2022 (baricitinib) and December 2022 (tocilizumab), and EUAs remain in place for use in pediatric patients as of August 2023.
 

The FDA pursued this study to demonstrate how Sentinel can be utilized to answer regulatory questions regarding drugs with elements to assure safe use (ETASU) by exploring the utilization patterns of drugs with approved Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) that employ ETASU. To ensure that the benefits of a drug or biological product outweigh its risks, the FDA can require a REMS with an ETASU to mitigate a specific and serious risk listed in the labeling of the drug. This study provided summary tables of total counts, incidence, and prevalence of dispensings and procedure codes of drugs with approved REMS that employ ETASU among enrolled members in the Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD). This study provided baseline information on utilization patterns of specific drugs with REMS with ETASU which could support the planning of future studies on these products.

Low-dose oral methotrexate is associated with wrong frequency dosing errors, when taken once daily instead of the intended once weekly schedule. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) has classified methotrexate (oral, nononcologic use) as a high alert medication that can cause fatal and serious adverse events when mistakenly taken daily. However, the incidence of wrong frequency dosing errors with methotrexate is unknown. A chart confirmed analysis was conducted in one Sentinel Data Partner (Kaiser Permanente Northern California) and found the incidence of low-dose oral methotrexate wrong frequency dosing errors to be 0.4%. FDA used these findings to revise the methotrexate labeling in 2019, which included adding a new Warnings and Precautions section on the risk of improper dosing, removing an option for doses given every 12 hours for 3 days each week, and recommending that patients and caregivers be instructed to take methotrexate as directed as dosing errors have led to fatal toxicity. In July 2020, ISMP highlighted the labeling revision in their Medication Safety Alert! newsletter.

In July 2015, FDA released a drug safety communication regarding prescribing or dispensing errors due to brand name confusion with the antidepressant Brintellix (vortioxetine) and the antiplatelet Brilinta (ticagrelor). In May 2016, FDA approved a brand name change for the antidepressant Brintellix to Trintellix.

This study was intended to explore Sentinel’s ability to detect potential drug name confusion errors using Brintellix-Brilinta as a feasibility use case. We developed a claims-based algorithm for identifying potential drug name confusion errors. In combination with claims profile review, we identified likely errors in both Brintellix and Brilinta users. This study demonstrated that a claims‐based algorithm combined with manual review of claims profiles could be used to identify potential drug name confusion errors.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated this study in the Sentinel System to describe the natural history of enterovirus sepsis among infants and neonates in the United States. Enterovirus (EV) infection in neonates can manifest as asymptomatic or mild febrile illness, or as a severe multiorgan system disease. The epidemiology of neonatal enteroviral sepsis (NES) in the United States is not well characterized, and likely varies by geography, enterovirus serotype, population, season, and testing practices. To further understand the epidemiology of NES, this study examined the prevalence of NES among hospitalized infants and described the associated mortality rate. 

Results indicated that NES was rare with a prevalence of 0.83 per 100,000 inpatient stays. Hospital stay was longer among cases with NES and at least one organ dysfunction diagnosis. No deaths were identified. This was the first study to examine NES prevalence using inpatient data from the Sentinel System. Due to small sample size and lack of microbiology/virology data, its utility in informing future clinical trial designs was limited. No regulatory action was taken based on these data.
 

Hydroxyurea was approved in 1967 for treating certain types of cancer. In 1998, the drug was approved to reduce the frequency of painful crises and to reduce the need for blood transfusions in adult patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) with recurrent moderate to severe painful crises. Hydroxyurea was approved for pediatric use by FDA in 2017 to reduce the frequency of painful crises and to reduce the need for blood transfusions in pediatric patients, two years of age and older, with sickle cell anemia with recurrent moderate to severe painful crises. Since the pediatric approval, little has been published about hydroxyurea utilization patterns in pediatric populations. FDA conducted three analyses in the Sentinel Distributed Database, an analysis using data from 2000 to 2015 and two analyses using data from 2000 to 2020. In these analyses, FDA assessed the utilization of hydroxyurea by age group and indication and evaluated the number of hospitalizations/emergency department (ED) visits in patients with SCD for two time frames: (1) any observed time up until a patient’s first hydroxyurea dispensing, and (2) among patients with hydroxyurea use, observed time following their first hydroxyurea dispensing.

The two analyses which used data from 2000 to 2020 entailed slightly different cohort entry requirements. In the first analysis, Sentinel results identified 113,036 patients of any age with SCD who were active in the data source sometime between January 2000 and September 2020. Of these patients, 16,483 patients (15%) were ever dispensed hydroxyurea. Among the 45,472 African American patients with SCD, 10,339 patients (23%) had hydroxyurea use, compared to 13% of patients with an unspecified race and 2% of Caucasian patients. A total of 96,297 adult patients 18 years old or older with SCD were identified, 13,740 (14%) of whom were dispensed hydroxyurea. Over three-quarters of adult patients had at least one hospitalization or ED visit (for any medical condition). The analysis showed 29.4 hospitalizations or ED visits per 10 person-years among adult patients with SCD while not dispensed hydroxyurea, and 79.4 hospitalizations or ED visits per 10 person-years among adult patients with SCD after being dispensed hydroxyurea. Of note, disease severity was not accounted for in this analysis.

This analysis also identified 16,739 pediatric patients aged 17 years old and younger with SCD, of whom 2,743 patients (16%) were ever dispensed hydroxyurea. Among all pediatric patients with SCD, 11,457 patients (68%) had at least one hospitalization or ED visit (for any medical condition, 15.8 events per 10 person-years). While not dispensed hydroxyurea, pediatric patients with SCD had 12.9 hospitalizations or ED visits per 10 person-years, compared to 30.5 hospitalizations or ED visits per 10 person-years after being dispensed hydroxyurea (not accounting for disease severity).

The second analysis identified 14,294 patients of all ages with SCD who had health plan enrollment during the 183 days prior to their first observed hydroxyurea dispensing, of whom 5,872 patients (41%) received at least one year of therapy, cumulatively. Approximately half of the pediatric patients 17 years old or younger who received hydroxyurea received at least one year of therapy, cumulatively, compared to 39% of adult patients 18 years old or older having received at least one year of therapy.

These analyses informed FDA about real-world utilization patterns for hydroxyurea among pediatric and adult patients with SCD from 2000 to 2020. 
 

In an earlier FDA study of intravenous (IV) iron products, differences in the market share of specific IV iron products were detected between patient-level administrative claims data from Sentinel and national manufacturer sales data. To examine whether the differences were due to challenges in estimating utilization for products with a non-oral route of administration, such as those involving injections, FDA assessed the agreement between data sources and utilization metrics by evaluating market share for selected drug classes. Six classes of drugs were selected, three orally administered drugs and three drugs with more complicated routes of administration. The study included data from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015. Agreement between patient-level data and national manufacturer sales data varied across different metrics, in part driven by product characteristics. The study helped FDA staff to understand the importance of comparing different utilization metrics when assessing medication use across multiple data sources and selecting the utilization metric that best aligns with how products are used and what is intended to be measured.

In October 2019, FDA pursued a study in the Sentinel System to describe utilization patterns for spironolactone in patients with heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The study was initiated as the FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Division of Cardiology and Nephrology was considering data from a clinical trial sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that found a significantly lower incidence of heart failure (HF) hospitalization among HFpEF patients treated with spironolactone compared to placebo. To characterize the real-world utilization of spironolactone in patients with HFpEF, and in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), FDA conducted a study in the Sentinel System. The study identified 2,009,529 patients with HFrEF and 9,257,514 HFpEF patients. The proportion of patients initiating spironolactone was 20.7% after HFrEF diagnosis versus 7.6% after HFpEF diagnosis. The median time (days) to initiation of spironolactone after HFrEF diagnosis was 90 (IQR: 19–385) and after HFpEF diagnosis was 286 (IQR: 57–851). The median duration (days) of first treatment episode in HFrEF patients was 120 (IQR: 44–321) and for HFpEF patients was 114 (IQR: 32 – 301). The median dose was similar (25mg/day) for both HF cohorts. This study characterized the use of spironolactone in a large database with demographically and geographically diverse patients. While there was lower initiation of spironolactone following HFpEF compared to HFrEF diagnosis, the dosing and duration of the first continuous spironolactone episode were similar. As a result of this study, no regulatory action was taken.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first detected in the United States in January 2020. Early studies indicated a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths among racial and ethnic minority groups. Importantly, these early studies were limited in geographic scope, and/or focused only on elderly and higher-risk adults. The COVID-19 pandemic, thus, presented the FDA with a unique opportunity to evaluate race and ethnicity-related data pertaining to COVID-19 testing, hospitalizations, and other outcomes, including disease severity and mortality. FDA’s studies in the Sentinel System sought to expand upon the current understanding of COVID-19-related outcomes among insured adult patients under 65 years old by geographic region over the year-long study period, using Sentinel’s rapid Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD), TriNetX Network, and PCORnet data sources.

The rapid SDD analysis found up to 42% of insured individuals with COVID-19 had missing race information, and patients with unknown race were younger and healthier. Results also indicated that minoritized individuals with COVID-19 have increased odds of COVID-19 hospitalization, critical COVID-19, and 30-day in-hospital mortality after controlling for baseline differences.

An analysis conducted in the PCORnet Distributed Data Network identified approximately 580,000 patients with any evidence of COVID-19 and approximately 73,000 with evidence of inpatient COVID-19 between April 2020 and March 2021. Data on race and ethnicity were well-populated in this electronic health record data source, especially compared to claims data sources (<9% of all eligible patients had missing race data). While there were no statistically significant differences in the racial composition of the "all eligible" and "any COVID-19" cohorts, patients of "Black or African American" and "Other" race were disproportionately present in the hospitalized COVID-19 cohort (21.2% vs 14.3% for Black and 9.3 vs 5.9% for Other). Apparent differences in clinical observation and laboratory results existed between racial/ethnic minoritized groups compared to patients of White race and/or Non-Hispanic ethnicity, but interpretation of these findings was difficult due to lack of standardization. Future work should examine to what extent clinical and laboratory data can be used to understand potential racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19.

This study raised awareness of the extent of missingness of race and ethnicity in administrative claims data used for regulatory purposes. This evaluation of missing race and ethnicity data provoked innovative thinking of approaches to improve the capture of race data in the Sentinel Distributed Database. Building a full picture of the associations between race and ethnicity and COVID-19 outcomes will continue efforts to characterize the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As this study intended to characterize the burden of COVID-19 outcomes, FDA did not take any regulatory action based on these data.

This project was funded by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Minority Health and Health Equity (OMHHE).
 

This study was conducted to assist the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in reviewing several requests for orphan drug designations by estimating the number of individuals affected by several glomerular diseases in the United States.

Data from this study suggested glomerular diseases seemed to be rare in the United States. Based on the finding of this study in the FDA’s Sentinel System and Census data projections, numbers of individuals with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), IgA nephropathy (IgAN), membranous nephropathy (MN), minimal change disease (MCD), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), crescentic and necrotizing glomerulonephritis (CNGN), lupus nephritis (LN), and nephrotic syndrome (NS) in the United States were all below the 200,000 person threshold for orphan drug designation, for each year from 2016 to 2019.

Nevertheless, because algorithms used to estimate different glomerular diseases were not validated, estimates are subject to potential case misclassification, which may underestimate or overestimate the true disease prevalence.  

In the development program, vericiguat showed embryo-fetal toxicities in animal studies which may be associated with the soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator class. The FDA review team sought information to inform whether a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) program should be required for vericiguat. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Sentinel System to assess prevalence of heart failure (HF) in women of childbearing age and the number of live birth pregnancies among these women. A second analysis described characteristics and outcomes of pregnancies in women with HF, and compared them to age-matched pregnant women without HF. 

From January 2010 to February 2020, 144,162 women with HF were identified (prevalence, 0.5%) among 29.5 million women of childbearing age in the Sentinel System. Within this HF cohort, there were 813 women with 822 pregnancies ending in live birth deliveries (5.5 deliveries per 1,000 women with HF). Applying the prevalence of HF to the 2019 Census estimates, we projected there were 310,613 women of childbearing with HF in the U.S. in 2019 and among these women, there were an estimated 808 pregnancies ending in live birth deliveries.  

In the second analysis, 489 live birth deliveries were identified (mean maternal age, 32.4 years) in 487 women with HF. These women had more comorbidities and used more health services than pregnant women without HF but were healthier than age-matched non-pregnant women with HF. Beta-blockers (21.5%), diuretics (15.3%), and ACE inhibitors (10.2%) were the commonly used HF medications during the pre-pregnancy period. Utilization of beta-blockers remained unchanged throughout and after pregnancy. Use of ACE inhibitors dropped to 5.3% in the first trimester, to less than 1% in the second and third trimesters but increased to 8.0% after pregnancy. Use of other HF medications, such as aldosterone antagonists, angiotensin receptor blockers, and ivabradine, were rare.

HF is rare among women of childbearing age and pregnancies only occurred in a small number of these women. Among women with HF, the use of potentially embryo-fetal toxic HF medications was low and decreased during pregnancy, in accordance with recommendations in drug labeling. Based on the low use of HF medications generally, and the population for which vericiguat is indicated (subtype of HF patients [symptomatic chronic heart failure with reduced ejection), vericiguat exposure is expected to be low. This information contributed to the review team’s determination that labeling would provide sufficient information to ensure the benefits of vericiguat outweigh its risks.  

Evidence suggested that COVID-19 infection may induce a hypercoagulable state resulting in arterial thromboembolism (ATE) or venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, studies examining thrombotic complications from COVID-19 to date had included small samples, rarely included a comparator group, and had not evaluated characteristics associated with these outcomes. FDA initiated this study in the Sentinel System to determine the 90-day incidence of hospitalized ATE and VTE in patients with COVID-19 and subsequent 30-day mortality, identify risk factors for ATE and VTE events, and compare the incidence of ATE and VTE among patients with COVID-19 vs. patients with influenza. Patients were evaluated separately based on the setting (outpatient vs. inpatient) and timing (before vs. during COVID-19 vaccination availability) of their COVID-19 diagnosis. 

Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, the 90-day absolute risks of ATE and VTE were 15.8%-16.3% and 9.5%-10.9%, respectively (range represents periods before and during vaccine availability). Compared with patients with influenza, the risk of ATE was not significantly higher among patients with COVID-19 either before or during vaccine availability; however, risk of VTE was significantly higher among patients with COVID-19 before (HR 1.60; 95% CI: 1.43-1.79) and during vaccine availability (HR 1.89; 95% CI: 1.68-2.12). Among those with an ATE or VTE event, 30-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with inpatient-diagnosed COVID-19 versus influenza both before vaccine availability [(ATE: HR 3.45; 95% CI: 2.68-4.45) (VTE: HR 2.96; 95% CI: 1.84-4.76)] and during vaccine availability [(ATE: HR 3.45; 95% CI: 2.69-4.44) (VTE: HR 3.80; 95% CI: 2.41-6.00)].

Among patients with ambulatory-diagnosed COVID-19, the 90-day absolute risks of hospitalized ATE and VTE were 1.01%-1.06% and 0.73%-0.88%, respectively. Compared with patients with influenza, the risk of ATE was higher among patients with COVID-19 both before (HR 1.53; 95% CI: 1.38-1.69) and during vaccine availability (HR 1.69; 95% CI: 1.53-1.86). Risk of VTE also was higher among patients with COVID-19 before (HR 2.86; 95% CI: 2.46-3.32) and during vaccine availability (HR 3.56; 95% CI: 3.08-4.12). Among those with an ATE or VTE event, 30-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with ambulatory-diagnosed COVID-19 versus influenza both before vaccine availability [(ATE: HR 2.65; 95% CI: 1.88-3.73) (VTE: HR 2.36; 95% CI: 1.34-4.18)] and during vaccine availability [(ATE: HR 2.53; 95% CI: 1.82-3.51) (VTE: HR 2.58; 95% CI: 1.48-4.50)]. The results from this study informed FDA’s public health response during the COVID-19 pandemic.

On April 5, 2022, the Biden Administration issued a Presidential Memorandum directing the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to coordinate a new effort across the federal government to develop and issue the first-ever interagency national research action plan on “long COVID,” a term used to describe the long-lasting effects of having been infected with COVID-19. In response, FDA’s Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE) formed a working group tasked with outlining OSE's research plan on long COVID for fiscal years 2023-2024. As part of these efforts, an analysis was conducted to explore the use of FDA Sentinel’s electronic health record (EHR) data sources (specifically TriNetX) to identify and characterize long COVID, specific outcomes associated with long COVID, and relevant covariates (e.g., COVID-19 vaccination, prior COVID-19 infection, and treatments received during the acute disease phase). Results found under capture of long COVID cases in EHR data, with the most frequent signs/symptoms being in line with what has been reported in the literature.

Generic mixed amphetamine salt (MAS) products, particularly the immediate-release tablet products of specific generic MAS products, have been the subject of spontaneous reports to the Drug Quality Report System, a subset of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch. Most complaints described lack of effectiveness and a need for a dose increase after switching to specific generic MAS products from other MAS products. The objective of these Sentinel analyses was to examine utilization and switching patterns among adults with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or narcolepsy, treated with immediate release MAS formulations in postmarketing real world settings. Results from this descriptive analysis suggest that switching appeared to correlate with the number of dispensings and the patterns of switching did not suggest increased switching away or switching back after use of the generics of interest. Based on these data, FDA determined that no regulatory action is needed at this time.

The FDA initiated this Sentinel study to determine if modafinil/armodafinil exposure in utero was associated with an increased risk of major congenital malformations. Some, but not all previous studies have reported an association between in utero exposure to modafinil/armodafinil and increased risk of major congenital malformations. Data from the Nuvigil (armodafinil)/Provigil (modafinil) pregnancy registry suggested potential safety signals of cardiac defects, overall congenital malformations, and musculoskeletal defects. 

This study found that modafinil/armodafinil exposure in utero was not associated with cardiac malformations. Additionally, there was no association between modafinil/armodafinil exposure in utero and the risk of non-cardiac, musculoskeletal, or urinary malformations.

These findings have informed an ongoing discussion about updating the Risk Summary and Data (Human Data) sections of the Prescribing Information for both Provigil and Nuvigil labeling.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated this study in the Sentinel System to assess whether there is a signal of carcinogenicity for bumetanide due to nitrosamine-related impurity using epidemiological data. N-Nitroso bumetanide can form as a degradation impurity in some formulations of bumetanide during shelf-life. Due to its structural similarity to other nitrosamine genotoxic impurities, it is potentially genotoxic.

This study explored whether bumetanide is associated with an increased risk of cancer compared to other loop diuretics and the background population.

Results from Sentinel analyses did not demonstrate an increased risk of four biologically plausible cancer outcomes (liver, colorectal, bladder and esophageal cancers) among bumetanide users compared to users of other loop diuretics. Similarly, a dose-response signal was not suggested by the findings.

Results from this study were shared with FDA’s nitrosamine task force as part of their efforts to address nitrosamine-related impurities in human drug products.
 

Drug-drug interactions are an important clinical concern. In a March 2017 Advisory Committee, briefing documents raised the possibility that oxymorphone may be used for a particular niche - patients taking multiple medications - because its metabolism did not involve the hepatic cytochrome P450 system. FDA conducted an analysis to assess whether oxymorphone’s metabolism influenced prescriber practices. Results revealed that similar proportions of patients were dispensed oxymorphone combined with other CYP modifiers relative to reference products, suggesting that drug metabolism differences did not influence prescribing behavior. These results contributed to regulatory discussions about the use of oxymorphone drugs, including reformulated Opana ER (oxymorphone hydrochloride) that was withdrawn from the market for public health safety reasons. 

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated this study in the Sentinel System to assess for immunosuppressive medications, which, as a side effect, reduce the body’s tumor surveillance and increase the risk of developing a malignancy. Over the last several years, the FDA has approved multiple immunosuppressive therapies for psoriasis and multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, FDA explored the Sentinel System’s ability to surveil for malignancy by focusing on describing the duration of follow-up time after incident use of immunosuppressive medications used to treat psoriasis and MS, as well as the duration of therapy. This study also described the duration of follow-up for patients with prevalent Crohn’s disease, MS, psoriasis, and ulcerative colitis diagnoses.

Results indicated that for most immunosuppressive medications, greater than 60% of patients had follow-up time less than three years; less than 1% had greater than ten years of follow-up time. These results were further stratified by age groups and calendar year. Among patients with psoriasis, MS, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the majority (greater than 65%) had less than three years of follow-up time.

Given that this study found a minority of patients had follow-up time of more than three years, the Sentinel System may have limited ability to detect malignancies that take several years to develop. This study helped understand the capabilities regarding conducting analyses using administrative claims for long-latency outcomes including malignancies.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated this methods development study to test a new Sentinel System analytic tool to perform Interrupted Time Series (ITS) analyses for assessing the impact of FDA regulatory actions on drug utilization. The newly developed analytic tool and the impact of FDA's February 2010 and June 2010 Drug Safety Communications (DSCs) concerning the safety of using long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA) alone without the use of long-term asthma controller medications in adult asthma patients were assessed. Findings from this test case demonstrated the successful development of the ITS tool. Study results showed that the initiation of LABA alone declined among asthma patients aged 18-45 years before the FDA DSC in June 2010 (-0.10% per quarter; 95% CI: -0.11% to -0.09%), and the downward trend continued after the FDA DSC. These findings were consistent with FDA’s previous LABA studies published in 2016 and 2017.

The reusable analytic tool can be applied to real-world databases formatted to the Sentinel Common Data Model for assessing the impact of FDA regulatory actions on drug utilization.
 

The objective of this study was to identify and compare clinical and claims-based pediatric hypertensive patients in the FDA Sentinel System. FDA sought to determine the feasibility of using blood pressure values for identifying hypertension in the pediatric population. Pediatric hypertension in claims-based data sources is under-captured but also serves as a marker for greater disease severity. Investigators should understand coding practices when using real world data (RWD) sources for identification of pediatric hypertension in future work. This study compared and examined overlap between the two methods for identification of pediatric hypertensive patients (claims-based and clinical electronic health record [EHR]-based) over a 36-month period in the Sentinel System. Furthermore, it provided guidance for the use of RWD in future pediatric hypertension studies.

The FDA initiated this analysis to better understand utilization of hydroxyprogesterone caproate (HPC) injection, including Makena® and its generics, among pregnant women in the United States. We identified 3,445,739 live-birth pregnancies (among 2.9 million women) between 2008 and 2018 in the Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD). Of these pregnancies, 6.5 per 1,000 pregnancies used injectable HPC, showing modest use of injectable HPC during the second and/or third trimesters among all live-birth pregnancies in the SDD. The majority (73%) of pregnancies with injectable HPC use had at least one of three obstetrical indications of interest recorded before or during the pregnancy. 

Sentinel analysis results were presented at an FDA Advisory Committee for consideration in assessing the potential public health impact of withdrawing Makena’s accelerated drug approval. Following the FDA Advisory Committee, the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) recommended withdrawing Makena’s accelerated approval. FDA withdrew approval of Makena on April 6, 2023, because the confirmatory trial failed to verify the clinical benefit of Makena nor did the trial show that Makena reduced the risk of preterm birth. 

Recent estimates showed that patients aged 18 years or younger comprised approximately 14% of the population in the Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD). To conduct studies among pediatric patients that could support regulatory decisions, it is vital to understand the composition of this population. The FDA initiated this study to better understand the characteristics of this population, including demographics, vaccination status, medical comorbidities, major congenital malformations, medication administration, prescription claims, healthcare utilization, and available follow-up time in the SDD from January 2000 to May 2023.

Results indicate that the total volume of pediatric enrollees in the SDD from 2000-2023 ranged from about 16 million newborns (0-28 days) to about 46 million older children (6-11 years of age), with representation from all 50 U.S. states’ commercial and Medicaid health plans. The data span more than 20 years, and more than half of pediatric patients are continuously enrolled in their health plan for at least one year. The SDD is a valuable data source that can support investigations of pediatric medication exposures and health outcomes. 
 

Pharmacoepidemiologic studies based on administrative claims data are often limited in their ability to control confounding, either due to unavailability of certain clinical information or questionable accuracy and/or completeness of coded information. Some variables (e.g., smoking, obesity) used in post-marketing observational studies are documented inconsistently or rarely because they do not impact a health plan’s decision for reimbursement. Hence, studies that use such variables to adjust for baseline risk imbalance may result in biased estimates for the association between medical products and health outcomes. The ability to capture these variables in administrative claims data may be improving over time, but little empirical data are available to support this statement. FDA conducted this study in the Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD) to assess the evolution of well-known confounding conditions (obesity, overweight, smoking, alcohol abuse or dependence, drug abuse or dependence, history of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting or Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty, history of sudden cardiac arrest) that may be incompletely captured in U.S.-based healthcare claims databases. Results indicated a continuous increase in the recording of these confounding conditions in claims data, though low prevalence suggests that the conditions remain inadequately documented in U.S. claims. This exploratory Sentinel study provided information to FDA on the availability of common confounders in the SDD to better aid decisions on the use of Sentinel data and additional or alternate data sources for capturing these confounders.

The FDA initiated this study in Sentinel to explore the use of TreeScan^TM to support safety signal identification for baloxavir. Baloxavir is a first-in-class influenza-specific endonuclease inhibitor approved for acute uncomplicated influenza or post-exposure prophylaxis in adult and pediatric patients. TreeScan is a signal identification approach that scans thousands of health outcomes simultaneously while adjusting for multiple scenarios that can be used to monitor the underlying assumption of no clinical differences.

The goal of the study was to understand if there is an increased risk of safety outcomes in patients who received baloxavir versus in patients who received the comparator drug oseltamivir, a first-line influenza treatment and prophylactic having a different mechanism of action and greater postmarketing exposure than baloxavir. This study did not identify new safety issues with baloxavir as treatment or prophylaxis for influenza compared to oseltamavir in a large sample of real-world adult and pediatric patients, adding to the larger body of safety evidence for baloxavir.

The increasing use of genomic tests for diseases has great potential to improve health outcomes because of the trend toward targeted therapeutics such as personalizing treatments by genotype. Prescribing information for FDA-approved drugs may contain information on genomic biomarkers that can identify responders and non-responders to medications. However, few assessments on the use of genomic tests have been completed, because of the limitation of the existing administrative healthcare data, given the laboratories have traditionally billed for genetic testing using stacking codes that describe each step of the procedure required to perform a genetic test. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of identifying genetic tests, their rates of use, and baseline characteristics of tested patients in the Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD).

Using the SDD for the time period of January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2015, FDA estimated the number of incident users of cetuximab, panitumumab, trametinib, dabrafenib, vemurafenib, cobimetinib, afatinib, erlotinib, tagrisso, gefitinib, dasatinib, imatinib, bosutinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib, and the utilization of five different genetic tests of the respective genes V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), breakpoint cluster region-abelson (BCR-ABL), and the breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) were estimated. Cetuximab and panitumumab were reported in 5,220 new users (0.08 new users/1000 eligible members). Dasatinib, imatinib, bosutinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib were reported in 3,545 new users (0.06 new users/1000 eligible members). The KRAS, BRAF, EGFR, BCR-AB and BRCA genetic tests were received by 5,210, 4,907, 4,730, 5,360, and 23,111 participants respectively.
These results informed the FDA about the feasibility and limitations of using the Sentinel System and existing tools to assess the use of genetic testing.

The FDA initiated this study in the Sentinel System to gather data on drug utilization of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in various subgroups of patients aged less than one year. Product labeling for renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, including ACE inhibitors and ARBs, has varying recommendations for indicated pediatric populations (i.e., enalapril is approved for patients aged greater than one month; candesartan is approved for patients aged greater than one year, etc.). RAS inhibition causes fetal and neonatal abnormalities when used late in pregnancy by the mother and the effects of inhibition on the developing human kidney (during the first year of life) are unknown. The FDA sought to quantify the degree of prescribing of products affecting the RAS system in various pediatric age groups. Results of this study estimated the number of prevalent users and dispensings of ACE inhibitors and ARBs among these pediatric populations. This study provided pediatric drug utilization data that helped inform the review of some applications for ACE inhibitors and ARBs.

As part of the activities of the FDA’s Cannabis Product Committee, the Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, conducted an integrated review to evaluate and compile an updated catalog of available data sources that complement FDA’s routine surveillance systems for monitoring non-FDA-approved cannabinoid products (CP) use and associated adverse events. FDA explored the capabilities of the Sentinel System’s electronic health record (EHR) data, specifically in TriNetX and PCORnet, to conduct active safety surveillance of CP, including cannabidiol (CBD). Results from TriNetX analyses suggest the ability to extract and identify non-FDA-approved CP exposures from clinical notes. There are opportunities to enhance the performance of pertinent natural language processing (NLP)-based algorithms to improve the identification of CP in these notes. Results from PCORnet suggest that identified CBD exposures correspond to approved CBD (Epidiolex). Future explorations on FDA-approved CBD in PCORnet should consider including exposures with and without brand names to capture exposures to FDA-approved CBD that might be overlooked. Further development and validation of NLP-based algorithms is needed before FDA can consider use of data from EHR clinical notes for surveillance of non-FDA-approved CP.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether Active Risk Identification and Analysis (ARIA) system tools could replicate the results of prior protocol-based assessments (PBAs) that evaluated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and hospitalized heart failure risk following saxagliptin or sitagliptin use in comparison to long-acting insulins, pioglitazone, and second-generation sulfonylureas in the Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD). The study found that Sentinel modular programs were able to reproduce findings of prior PBAs which did not indicate an increased risk of AMI or hospitalized heart failure associated with saxagliptin or sitagliptin exposure.

Wixela Inhub (fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate) was the first approval for a generic inhaled product referencing Advair Diskus and was a significant milestone in establishing a bioequivalence pathway for future generic inhaled pulmonary products. FDA sought to describe the use of Advair Diskus and other brand inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) combination products in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma and switching patterns between Advair and other ICS/LABA products, including Wixela Inhub and the authorized generic (AG) for Advair Diskus.

Results showed substantial use of multiple branded ICS/LABA combination products in Sentinel, with Advair Diskus and Symbicort being the most common in asthma and COPD patients. There were minimal differences in the characteristics across users of different ICS/LABA products. Only a small proportion of Advair Diskus users switched to another ICS/LABA product during the study period. Switching was more common in prevalent users than new users. Switch backs were rare, with the most common patterns being patients switching from Advair Diskus to Wixela Inhub or Advair AG and back to Advair Diskus. 

Based on the available findings, FDA determined that no regulatory action was needed.
 

Postmarketing surveillance of medical products entails an assessment of both the safety of treatments among cancer patients and the risk of malignancies associated with non-cancer treatments. To better inform feasibility for future studies to address these questions, FDA initiated this study to describe the duration of follow-up among patients with new-onset cancer diagnoses in Sentinel. Sample sizes and patterns of enrollment surrounding new-onset diagnoses of nineteen cancers were analyzed. Prior to a cancer diagnosis, the median enrollment ranged from 2.3-3.6 years (among those with a required one-year minimum enrollment), depending on cancer type. Following a cancer diagnosis, the median enrollment ranged from 0.5-2.3 years. Enrollment time surrounding cancer diagnosis may provide sufficient duration of follow-up for studies in which 1) cancer is the outcome, for drug-related adverse events of relatively short latency, or 2) cancer diagnosis is a component of the cohort eligibility.

International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) diagnosis codes are thought to have better accuracy for capturing suicide intent compared to International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. As an update to a previous Sentinel study that used ICD-9-CM codes to identify intentional self-harm, this study assessed the risk of intentional self-harm events in patients aged 10 and older with asthma following use of either montelukast or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as monotherapy. Intentional self-harm in this study was defined using ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, and the analysis used inverse probability of treatment weighting to balance baseline covariates. Among 752,230 and 724,855 patients in the montelukast and ICS exposure groups respectively, no association was found between montelukast use and intentional self-harm compared to ICS use [Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval): 0.96 (0.85, 1.08)]. This finding was consistent across age, sex, psychiatric history and pre/post Boxed Warning period subgroups, and sensitivity analyses showed similar null findings. These results cannot exclude other neuropsychiatric idiosyncratic reactions to montelukast. Compared to the previous Sentinel study, this study identified about double the rate of intentional self-harm events, suggesting a greater sensitivity of ICD-10-CM codes for measuring intentional self-harm than ICD-9-CM codes. This study provided more information to FDA on the use of diagnosis codes for capturing intentional self-harm, an important health outcome in drug safety studies. 

FDA initiated this feasibility study in the Sentinel System to explore the performance of TreeScan™ using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) data. TreeScan™ is a signal identification approach that scans thousands of health outcomes simultaneously while adjusting for multiple scenarios that can be used to monitor the underlying assumption of no clinical differences.

The alert patterns observed in this feasibility study were highly similar to a prior analysis that evaluated Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) as the Tree and propensity score covariates. Based on these results, FDA determined the ICD-10-CM Tree and propensity score covariates are ready to use for signal identification (i.e., TreeScan analyses).

This study was previously conducted in the Mini-Sentinel pilot program to assess the benefit-risk profile of using Eliquis (apixaban) compared to warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The original analysis suggested a signal of harm for apixaban use related to the health outcome of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). However, the number of apixaban users in the original analysis was low as apixaban was approved in 2014. Therefore, an updated study with increased sample size was required. This study found that in AF patients of all ages initiating either apixaban or warfarin for stroke prevention, apixaban was associated with a decreased risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, ICH, and ischemic stroke compared with warfarin. No regulatory action was required as findings suggested a favorable benefit-risk profile for apixaban compared to warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with AF. 

On July 7, 2015, sacubitril/valsartan (SV) was approved for the treatment of heart failure in patients with systolic dysfunction. Excess risk of angioedema, a rapid-onset, transient, potentially life-threatening swelling of the tongue, lips, mouth, throat, nose, and other parts of the face, has been described among users of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). Combining ACEIs and ARNIs has been shown to be associated with a greater risk of angioedema compared to ACEIs use alone.

Therefore, due to the potential higher risk of angioedema when combining ARNI (sacubitril) and ARB (valsartan), compared to the use of sacubitril or valsartan alone, FDA compared the incidence of angioedema (serious and non-serious events) among the users of SV, and other drug classes indicated for heart failure, such as ACEIs, ARBs, β-blockers and digoxin in the Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD).

No increased risk of angioedema was identified among SV new users compared with ACEI or ARB users. However, there was an increased risk of angioedema among SV users who had recently switched from an ACEI or ARB compared with SV new users. As the labeling was consistent with the study results, FDA determined no additional regulatory action is needed at this time.
 

Sufficient observable person-time in the indicated population is necessary for conducting drug safety analyses. While the median length of observation time for members in commercial insurance claims databases is typically less than two years, it is unknown if individuals with some chronic conditions have different lengths of observation time in these data sources. The objective of this study was to assess prevalence and duration of follow-up for 24 chronic condition cohorts in the Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD), as defined using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ (CMS) Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse condition algorithms. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia had the highest prevalence (26.3% and 23.9%), while all five cancers assessed had low prevalence (0.2 to 1.5%). Median follow-up ranged from 0.8 (lung cancer) to 2.7 years (hyperlipidemia). As this query intended to characterize the data in the SDD, no regulatory actions were taken.

Alosetron (brand name Lotronex) is approved for the treatment of women with severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). U.S. Prescribing Information for alosetron presents a boxed warning for serious gastrointestinal adverse reactions, including ischemic colitis. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program for Lotronex and approved generics to mitigate the risks of ischemic colitis and serious complications of constipation.

To support an evaluation of the REMS programs for Lotronex and alosetron, FDA conducted an analysis in the Sentinel System to provide contemporary estimates of the incidence of ischemic colitis during alosetron use. Among women without pre-index intestinal ischemia, the incidence of ischemic colitis was estimated to be 3.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.80-5.26) per 1,000 in the first six months after a new pharmacy dispensing for alosetron. The estimated rate of ischemic colitis was consistent with that described in the alosetron Prescribing Information. These data supported FDA’s decision to eliminate the Lotronex and alosetron REMS programs.

In 2017, the FDA approved Dupixent (dupilumab), an interleukin-4 receptor alpha agonist. Dupixent is currently indicated for atopic dermatitis for patients aged six months and older, asthma for patients aged six years and older, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis in adult patients, eosinophilic esophagitis in patients one year old and older, and prurigo nodularis in adult patients. FDA sought to understand whether Dupixent was being used off-label prior to the eosinophilic esophagitis approval, and if so, to what extent.

An analysis was completed in Sentinel in 2021 to investigate utilization patterns of Dupixent by varying cohort inclusion requirements with broad and narrow definitions of eosinophilic esophagitis. Overall, findings suggested that very few patients used Dupixent to treat eosinophilic esophagitis. As this analysis was conducted for informational purposes only, FDA did not take regulatory action.

A U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Advisory Committee (AC) meeting was planned to discuss the application for a new Penicillin Allergy Skin Test Kit (Pre-Pen Plus) product in March 2019. In preparation for the AC meeting, FDA used Sentinel to consider background information on trends in the recent use of penicillin allergy skin testing generally. The Sentinel analysis provided an estimate of the increasing trend in Pre-Pen penicillin allergy testing between 2008 and 2018. Ultimately, for reasons unrelated to the Sentinel analysis, FDA canceled the planned AC meeting.

Following the new regulatory pathway for approval of biosimilar and interchangeable products, FDA needs to be able to evaluate their post-marketing experience. However, how biosimilars are coded for reimbursement, and therefore appear in claims data, is unknown. Since accurate identification of biologics and biosimilars in claims data is a fundamental need for future studies of these products, this study was conducted to examine how patient exposure to biologics and biosimilars can be identified in claims data. Use of filgrastim and infliximab was identified primarily via Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes (filgrastim: 86.4%-97.7%; infliximab: 87.8%-100%) although some use was identified via National Drug Codes (NDCs) (filgrastim: 2.2%-13.5%; infliximab: <0.1%-6.5%). The median exposure episode gap ranged from 1 to 3 days for filgrastim and 48 to 50 days for infliximab. Data on identification of biosimilars in claims data and observed gaps between exposure episodes can be used to support future drug safety studies of biosimilars.

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) is an alternative to surgery for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. PTSMA involves injection of dehydrated alcohol into the coronary artery, inducing a localized basal septal myocardial infarction which remodels the outflow tract. Ablysinol, a dehydrated alcohol product, was approved by FDA on June 21, 2018. FDA wanted to understand how approval of this new dehydrated alcohol product would impact the number of PTSMA procedures conducted and subsequent post-procedural complications. 

FDA conducted a study in the Sentinel System to evaluate changes in the frequency of PTSMA procedures conducted and changes in the occurrence of potential post-procedural complications after approval. After Ablysinol approval in 2018, the frequency of PTSMA procedures per year, the proportion of potential post-procedural complications such as heart failure, atrioventricular block, and permanent pacemaker placement observed, and the proportion of PTSMA procedures requiring a repeat PTSMA procedure, increased only slightly in this study. Evaluation of death was not pursued in this analysis due to under capture in the assessed data. The FDA determined that no regulatory action is needed at this time.

FDA initiated this pilot study in Sentinel to explore the use of TreeScan^TM for routine drug safety surveillance, using a use case of Ozempic (a specific form of semaglutide). TreeScan is a signal identification approach that scans thousands of health outcomes simultaneously while adjusting for multiple scenarios that can be used to monitor the underlying assumption of no clinical differences.

The study specifically sought to monitor non-pregnancy and non-cancer outcomes among new users of Ozempic compared to new users of sitagliptin among patients with type 2 diabetes. FDA determined the statistical alerts generated by the TreeScan analysis do not warrant further evaluation or action. This pilot demonstrated that tree-based scan statistics can be applied to the Sentinel Distributed Database using an active comparator design to simultaneously evaluate thousands of safety outcomes for medicines as an additional safety surveillance tool.

FDA initiated this pilot study in Sentinel to explore the use of TreeScan^TM for routine drug safety surveillance, using a use case of Aimovig (erenumab). TreeScan is a signal identification approach that scans thousands of health outcomes simultaneously while adjusting for multiple scenarios that can be used to monitor the underlying assumption of no clinical differences.

The study specifically sought to monitor non-pregnancy and non-cancer outcomes among new users of Aimovig using a self-controlled risk interval analysis and tree-based scan statistics. FDA determined the statistical alerts generated by the TreeScan analysis do not warrant further evaluation or action. This pilot demonstrated that tree-based scan statistics can be applied to the Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD) using a self-controlled risk interval design to simultaneously evaluate thousands of safety outcomes for medicines as an additional safety surveillance tool.

In June 2020 the United Kingdom Randomized Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) trial, reported benefit from dexamethasone use in severely ill hospitalized patients with COVID-19, but potential harm in patients not requiring oxygen supplementation. As a result, in October 2020, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) issued guidelines advising against the use of systemic corticosteroids in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The Rapid Sentinel Distributed Database (SDD) was used to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of U.S. non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who initiated systematic corticosteroids and those who did not from April 2020 to July 2021. Additionally, descriptive information was generated on the proportion of corticosteroid initiators who were hospitalized within 30 days of initiation.*  

There were 766,105 eligible COVID-19 patients (median age 48.5 years [standard deviation, 19.9 years]), 9.4% of whom received corticosteroids in an outpatient setting within 14 days of COVID-19 diagnosis. Treatment often started on the day of COVID-19 diagnosis (51.3%), largely through pharmacy dispensings rather than during medical encounters. Corticosteroid use increased over time from 2.2% initiating in April 2020 to 13.8% initiating in July 2021. Among those who received corticosteroids in an outpatient setting, 11.1% were hospitalized (COVID-19 in any diagnostic position) within 30 days of initiation.  

An early version of these analyses was presented to the NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (April 2021). Later, updated analyses were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) (April 2022). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) subsequently issued a health advisory citing these data and alerting physicians and the public that systemic corticosteroids are not recommended for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who do not require supplemental oxygen.  

*In addition to the Rapid SDD, the FDA conducted parallel analyses in three other data sources. Results here pertain only to Sentinel.

In May 2013, the FDA approved golimumab for ulcerative colitis with a post-market required (PMR) study to assess risk of lymphoma. In response to concerns about low enrollment in this study, the FDA conducted an analysis in Sentinel's Merative™ MarketScan® Research Databases using the Query Builder tool to understand if golimumab utilization in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) was contributing to low patient enrollment. From January 2017 – December 2019, the relative frequency of anti-TNFα new-use episodes for UC in adults was 56%, 39%, and 5% for adalimumab, infliximab (including biosimilars), and golimumab, respectively. These data confirmed low utilization of golimumab and supported the FDA’s decision to discontinue further enrollment in the PMR study.

Cases of cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis (CSVV) associated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were reported in DOAC premarket trials and to the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) post approval. FDA conducted a study in Sentinel to characterize CSVV cases among patients with atrial fibrillation treated with DOACs. Additional studies in Sentinel explored incidence rates for DOACs, warfarin, and allopurinol as positive control and compared adjusted CSVV risk in new users of DOACs and warfarin. No statistically significant differential CSVV risk was observed among new users of DOACs and warfarin. FDA did not take regulatory action at this time, based on available information.

The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123) included a provision for the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to review the prevalence of obesity and the use of obesity drugs. GAO requested that FDA assess utilization patterns and treatment duration for the nine available prescription used to treat obesity. FDA used the Sentinel System to assess the baseline characteristics of patients initiating weight management drugs and evaluate the duration of treatment of the first treatment episode and cumulative duration across all treatment episodes. These results were incorporated into the GAO report entitled, “Few Adults Used Prescription Drugs for Weight Loss and Insurance Coverage Varied.”

FDA initiated this pilot study in Sentinel to explore the use of TreeScan^TM for routine drug safety surveillance of biosimilars, using a use case of Zarxio (Filgrastim-sndz). Biosimilars are biologic medications that are highly similar to existing approved biologics with no identified clinically meaningful differences in safety, effectiveness, and quality. However, the complex nature of biologics generally means a biosimilar is not identical to the reference product. TreeScan is a signal identification approach that scans thousands of health outcomes simultaneously while adjusting for multiple scenarios that can be used to monitor the underlying assumption of no clinical differences.

The study specifically sought to monitor non-pregnancy and non-cancer outcomes among new users of Zarxio compared to new users of Neupogen. FDA determined the statistical alerts generated by the TreeScan analysis do not warrant further evaluation or action. This pilot demonstrated that tree-based scan statistics can be applied to the Sentinel Distributed Database to simultaneously evaluate thousands of safety outcomes for biosimilar medicines as an additional surveillance tool.

FDA conducted an analysis to assess the feasibility of studying the long-term safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist use in adolescents through Sentinel. The primary objective was to characterize GnRH agonist use in adolescents and to examine possible diagnoses associated with their use. Sentinel findings demonstrated that a small cohort of adolescents with GnRH agonist use was identified. Most of this use appeared to be short term: half of patients had less than 5 months of GnRH agonist therapy and three-quarters of patients had less than 11 months of therapy. Diagnosis codes occurring in proximity to a claim for a GnRH agonist included those related to puberty disorders and gender dysphoria. Sentinel findings suggest that safety studies of GnRH agonist use among adolescents may be feasible, depending on the outcome of interest.

Epidiolex (prescription cannabidiol) was approved in June 2018 for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox Gastaut syndrome (LGS), Dravet syndrome (DS), or tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) in patients 1 year of age and older.

As a part of FDA’s mission to perform surveillance of cannabidiol-containing products, a utilization analysis was conducted in Sentinel’s Merative™ MarketScan® Research Databases to inform feasibility of future studies.

Based on the available findings, FDA determined that no regulatory action was needed.

In March 2020, insulins were transitioned from being regulated as drugs to being regulated as biological products. This transition allows for the introduction of biosimilars, which are highly similar to, and have no clinically meaningful differences from, their reference biological medication. To facilitate pharmacovigilance, an analysis was conducted to characterize how insulin was captured in electronic healthcare data sources, specifically via National Drug Codes (NDC) or Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes. This analysis demonstrated that over 98% of the 107 million insulin claims in Sentinel between 2013 and 2018 were identified using NDC codes, supporting the use of NDCs to identify insulin exposure in drug safety studies using electronic healthcare data. Having a variety of different tools to identify products for pharmacovigilance is of high value. We have demonstrated that a large fraction of insulin use in Sentinel can be identified using NDCs. That, in addition to other identifiers, supports effective pharmacovigilance.

In response to a sponsor’s reported difficulty in accruing patients for a postmarket required study (PMR) using administrative healthcare data to retrospectively assess pregnancy outcomes in a cohort of women exposed to ixekizumab, the FDA conducted a Sentinel analysis to obtain contemporary information about the utilization of ixekizumab in pregnancy. Specifically, the study estimated the number of pregnancies with a pharmacy dispensing for ixekizumab and comparator drugs, overall and among patients with approved indications for ixekizumab. Between March 2016 and June 2021, there were 29 ixekizumab-exposed pregnancies, of which 19 had no concomitant exposure to comparators. For the 19 uniquely exposed pregnancies, use increased from no pregnancies in 2016 and 2017 to three pregnancies in 2018 (15.8%), two (10.5%) in 2019, and 10 pregnancies in 2020 (52.6%). Although the number of pregnancies exposed to ixekizumab is low, the analysis showed that the number of pregnancies exposed to ixekizumab is increasing over time. This contributed to FDA’s decision to continue evaluating potential risks associated with ixekizumab use during pregnancy via the pregnancy safety PMR.

In response to case reports describing musculoskeletal adverse events, including decreases in bone density, in young adults who had been exposed to leuprolide acetate during childhood, the FDA further evaluated the risk of fracture with the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists indicated for the treatment of central precocious puberty (CPP), including leuprolide acetate. The Sentinel analysis estimated the risk of major fractures among individuals with CPP who initiated leuprolide acetate during childhood and compared them with leuprolide acetate-unexposed age- and sex-matched reference populations with and without CPP. Compared separately to the leuprolide-unexposed children with or without CPP, the study observed a lower risk of fracture in female leuprolide users with CPP, but no statistically significant difference in fracture risk for male leuprolide users with CPP. Results from the post hoc analysis were consistent with the findings from the main analysis. Because results from this study provided no evidence for an increased risk of fracture following leuprolide use during childhood, FDA determined that no regulatory action is needed at this time.

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) diagnostic imaging procedures to aid in the visualization of abnormalities. GBCAs have a warning for hypersensitivity reactions, and seizure risk is listed as a postmarketing adverse event. The FDA identified cases of seizures shortly following GBCA exposure in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) case reports and initiated a Sentinel study to better understand the magnitude of seizure risk associated with exposure to GBCAs during MRI and MRA procedures. An increased risk of seizure was not observed comparing contrast to non-contrast MRI in this study (RR=1.04, 95% CI 0.62-1.61). FDA determined that current labeling was sufficient to communicate that seizures have been observed in the post-market setting.

Follow up investigation of case reports of cardiac events after long term stimulant use. FDA decided that no action is necessary at this time, based on available information.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a known safety risk with use of metoclopramide. During the review of an application for a nasal spray formulation of metoclopramide for use in diabetic gastroparesis, FDA wanted to understand the duration of use, since the risk of developing TD increases with duration of treatment and cumulative dosage. To understand real-world use patterns of metoclopramide, FDA conducted an analysis on the treatment episode duration, number, frequency, and cumulative dose among users of other available metoclopramide dosage forms, which had labeled recommended durations of use of 8 weeks or less. Among women ages ≥ 40 years identified in the Sentinel Distributed Database between January 1, 2009 and September 30, 2015, there were over 1.4 million users of metoclopramide. Of the 3.7% of these women with diabetic gastroparesis, approximately 25% had metoclopramide treatment episodes longer than 4 weeks. These data provided context for FDA’s assessment of the application by providing information about the potential for the target population to use a nasal metoclopramide product outside the parameters supported by the available safety data.

This Sentinel analysis was initiated to determine length of therapy for oral metoclopramide among pediatric patients aged 0-17 years. Metoclopramide includes a boxed warning for increased risk of tardive dyskinesia (TD) for use > 12 weeks and is not recommended in pediatric patients due to risk of central nervous system complications. Based on the prescription claims data from 2012-2015, an estimated 10% of pediatric patients aged 0-17 years received prescriptions for oral metoclopramide for > 12 weeks, potentially increasing their risk of developing TD. These data provided context for FDA’s assessment of proposed pediatric use by providing information about the potential utilization outside the parameters supported by the available data.

This analysis provided information on concomitant utilization of ticagrelor and moderate/high-intensity statins. FDA received postmarket reports of statin-induced myopathy/rhabdomyolysis in elderly patients taking atorvastatin or rosuvastatin with ticagrelor. Considering that use of high-intensity statins is advised in secondary prevention following a myocardial infarction, FDA initiated this analysis to understand utilization patterns for patients concurrently taking ticagrelor and a statin and provide context for postmarket case reports. Our Sentinel analysis found that out of all ticagrelor 90mg exposures in patients ≥75 years, the proportion of concomitant use with high-intensity statins increased from 57% in 2012 to 66% in 2016. Based upon these data and analyses from other sources, FDA decided that no regulatory action was needed at this time.

Cases of severe uterine bleeding associated with use of novel oral anticoagulants (ACs) have been reported in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and the medical literature. FDA conducted a Sentinel study to examine severe uterine bleeding events requiring medical intervention in women treated with oral ACs. Among 1,050,192 new users of oral ACs, the incidence rates of severe uterine bleeding with medical, transfusion, and surgical (e.g., hysterectomy, myomectomy) management were 0.6, 1.7, and 5.0 per 1000 person-years, respectively. These findings contributed to the following class-wide label change for oral ACs in Section 8.3, “The risk of clinically significant uterine bleeding, potentially requiring gynecological surgical interventions, identified with oral anticoagulants including [PRODUCT name] should be assessed in females of reproductive potential and those with abnormal uterine bleeding.”

FDA conducted a study to further investigate a post-market clinical trial that identified an elevated risk of cardiovascular events. Sentinel was used to describe the real-world utilization of urate lowering therapies to help inform the committee’s determination that a population exists for whom the benefit-risk is favorable.

This analysis characterized the frequency of IV iron utilization by week relative to live birth and stillbirth deliveries. Information from this analysis contributed to a class-wide labeling update for parenteral iron products to add new safety information to the Use in Specific Populations, Pregnancy section of the label. This update describes the risk of severe adverse reactions to pregnant women and their fetus.

Use of PDE5 inhibitors was assessed among reproductive age women, including among pregnant women, to investigate a concern arising from an international clinical trial.  FDA decided that no action is necessary at this time, based on available information.

In response to observational studies showing an elevated risk of non-melanoma skin cancer associated with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) use, FDA assessed the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer for patients treated with HCTZ-containing products compared to non-HCTZ angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)-containing products in the Sentinel System. FDA found HCTZ is associated with an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer. In the Sentinel study, increased risk was predominantly for squamous cell carcinoma and in white patients taking large cumulative doses. These findings informed additions to the Adverse Reactions and Information for Patients sections of the label.

This analysis provided information on use patterns of prescription ranitidine in patients with Medicare and private health care insurance. These data, in addition to data from other sources, were used to provide context for CDER’s Nitrosamine Impurities Task Force to better understand the use patterns among U.S. individuals. These data also informed the feasibility of a Sentinel analysis to evaluate clinical outcomes associated with prescription ranitidine use.

FDA presented a Sentinel study at a 2019 Advisory Committee of the risk of mental health side effects with montelukast compared to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). In this study, FDA did not identify an elevated risk of hospitalized and treated outpatient depressive disorders, self-harm, and suicides among patients aged 6 years and older with asthma using montelukast compared to ICS. FDA also found no evidence that the risk of mental health side effects was modified by the 2008 FDA Early Communication. However, after reviewing the available information and convening a panel of outside experts, FDA strengthened the existing warnings about serious behavior and mood-related changes with montelukast by requiring a Boxed Warning because the benefits of montelukast may not outweigh the risks in patients with mild symptoms who could be adequately treated with other medicines.

FDA held an Advisory Committee (AC) meeting to discuss the definition of opioid-sparing and opioid-replacement analgesics, with particular attention to acute pain in the post-surgical setting. A Sentinel analysis was conducted to understand the variation in opioid use based upon surgical type. Sentinel data indicated that opioid exposure could be reduced among select surgical populations, particularly those undergoing less invasive procedures. However, the analysis also suggested that longer initial prescription durations might be appropriate in some cases and maintaining flexibility in prescribing options is essential to account for variation in opioid analgesic needs by patient as well as procedure.

Because the use of Zydelig in certain treatment regimens led to unacceptable levels of toxicity (pneumonitis, hepatitis, colitis), FDA evaluated the use of Zydelig concomitantly with other antineoplastic agents, in association with the labeled indication as well as other indications. The Sentinel analysis showed low observed rates of Zydelig concomitantly used with therapies which the labeled prescribing information describes as not indicated or not recommended. Based upon these data and analyses from other sources, FDA decided that no regulatory action was needed at this time.

FDA held an Advisory Committee (AC) meeting to better understand the use of higher dose opioid analgesics in the outpatient setting to inform a discussion of potential risk management strategies due to increasing public concern that these products may be more harmful in cases of accidental exposure and overdose, and may be more sought out for misuse and abuse. A Sentinel analysis was conducted to understand the current clinical use of higher dosage strength opioid analgesic products for pain management. Sentinel data indicated that patients on higher dosage strength opioid analgesic products had a higher prevalence of comorbidities, mental health disorders or substance abuse compared to patients on lower dosage strength opioid analgesic products. Moreover, the data showed that use of higher dosage strength products comprised a small proportion of all opioid use and has declined in recent years.

Contributed important information regarding potentially viable sources of information to evaluate cardiovascular risk.

Feasibility assessment that supported an ARIA sufficiency determination to replace a sponsor postmarketing requirement (PMR) safety study for canagliflozin and renal cell carcinoma.

Based on preliminary results from an observational study suggesting a higher risk of neural tube defects among offspring of pregnant women using dolutegravir (see the FDA Drug Safety Communication below), FDA conducted a descriptive analysis of the prevalence and timing of dolutegravir use among HIV-infected women of childbearing age and HIV-infected women who had pregnancies with live birth deliveries. Prevalence of dolutegravir use among HIV-infected women of childbearing age was substantial, but the absolute number of dolutegravir-exposed pregnancies was very low. Although there was insufficient product exposure in pregnant women to support a robust safety assessment and the Sentinel mother-infant linkage was not yet available, the Sentinel analysis provided broader context regarding dolutegravir use among HIV-infected women who are of childbearing age or who had pregnancies with live birth deliveries.

Combined with evidence from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, risk of seizure was determined to be driven primarily by underlying comorbidities. FDA decided that no action is necessary at this time, based on available information.

Contextualized enrollment and recruitment in MS pregnancy registries. Described patterns of drug use before, during, and after pregnancy.

Feasibility assessment of ARIA to conduct a postmarket safety study. FDA decided that no action is necessary at this time, based on available information.

Contributed to the decision regarding continuation of sponsor Postmarket Requirement for teriparatide

This study provided information to evaluate reported difficulties in enrollment in ongoing pregnancy registry.

FDA is using these findings, in addition to input received from the 2014 FDA Public Meeting, to evaluate safety data collection in pregnant women

FDA decided that no action is necessary at this time, based on available information.

FDA decided that no action is necessary at this time, based on available information.

Advisory Committee Presentation 

FDA decided that no new action on behalf of pediatrics is necessary at this time, based on available information.

Epidemiological assessment of RSV-AI and patterns of health care utilization to help inform development of novel RSV therapeutics

Safety Labeling Change, Warnings and Precautions; Drug Safety Communication

FDA decided that no action is necessary at this time, based on available information.

FDA decided that no action is necessary at this time, based on available information.

As part of FDA’s routine review of postmarketing studies, FDA conducted a drug utilization analysis of TNF alpha inhibitors in pregnant women in the Sentinel System. The study found that among pregnant women with a chronic inflammatory condition (ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis), there was a preference to use etanercept compared to other TNF alpha inhibitors. For most TNF alpha inhibitors, use during pregnancy decreased after the first trimester. This assessment was one source of evidence considered for the Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR) Conversion Safety Labeling Change for Enbrel (etanercept).

Advisory Committee Presentation & FDA Drug Safety Communication

Sentinel data was used to support decisions around potential labeling changes for antipsychotics and stroke risk. FDA decided that no action is necessary at this time, based on available information.

Citizen Petition Response

Drug Safety Label Change, Warnings and Precautions